1. Like other matching procedures, PSM estimates an average treatment effect from observational data. 2. One cannot attach a statistical significance to the treatment effect comparison without bias, 3. In addition, a sensitivity analysis indicated that the overall treatment effect might be overestimated. 4. There are different approaches available to analyze multiple treatment effects . 5. From the diffs-in-diffs example we can see the main problems of estimating treatment effects . 6. It's the largest treatment effect we've ever seen ." 7. Three studies of Cal / BD topical suspension have evaluated treatment effects on calcium metabolism. 8. Thus the test provides strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis of no treatment effect . 9. His current work develops methods to identify and estimate patterns of heterogeneity in treatment effects . 10. The size of individual clinical trials is often too small to detect treatment effects reliably.